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<title>Quarkonium</title>

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Quarkonium</h1>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr">In der <a href="Teilchenphysik" title="Teilchenphysik">Teilchenphysik</a> bezeichnet man mit Quarkonium (Plural: Quarkonia) einen <a href="Gebundener_Zustand" title="Gebundener Zustand">gebundenen Zustand</a> aus einem <a href="Quark_(Physik)" title="Quark (Physik)">Quark</a> und seinem <a href="Antiteilchen" title="Antiteilchen">Anti</a>quark. Anders ausgedrückt ist es ein <a href="Meson" title="Meson">Meson</a> ohne <a href="Elektrische_Ladung" title="Elektrische Ladung">elektrische Ladung</a> oder <a href="Flavour" title="Flavour">Flavour</a>.

Gebundene Zustände der schweren Quarks <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>

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</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"> und <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>

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</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"> haben eigene Namen: gebundene <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c{\bar {c}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c{\bar {c}}}</annotation>

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</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5f76a673fe7a19ed6c7dfc62e24b1a86858f048.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.298ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c{\bar {c}}}" loading="lazy">-Zustände (also charm-Quark und -Antiquark) heißen Charmonium, gebundene <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5047b6e5096de6a8677592b662b123884b6240e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.16ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}" loading="lazy">-Zustände Bottomonium. Ob sich <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t{\bar {t}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t{\bar {t}}}</annotation>

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</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b7efad4a2f36d090f5d964393e2c9e5df354141.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.196ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t{\bar {t}}}" loading="lazy">-Systeme (Toponium) bilden können, ist ungeklärt.

Gebundene Quark-Antiquark-Zustände der leichten Quarks (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u,d,s\!\,}">

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</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u,d,s\!\,}</annotation>

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</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43ff714c75168e381e790dcb1d7604d85655e5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.704ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u,d,s\!\,}" loading="lazy">) mischen sich aufgrund der geringen Massendifferenz <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">quantenmechanisch</a> – vor allem <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u{\bar {u}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

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</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u{\bar {u}}}</annotation>

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</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66aeca9d83664b6d9a0a0814109c63de13495bd0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.659ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u{\bar {u}}}" loading="lazy"> mit <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d{\bar {d}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d{\bar {d}}}</annotation>

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</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc33093bc303d477da5de392a7e30738fad69836.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.798ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d{\bar {d}}}" loading="lazy">. Daher sind die aus ihnen gebildeten Mesonen nicht einer einzelnen Quarksorte zuordenbar.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenklatur">Nomenklatur</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantenzahlen_und_spektroskopische_Zustände">Quantenzahlen und spektroskopische Zustände</h3></div>

Der Name Quarkonium ist analog zum <a href="Positronium" title="Positronium">Positronium</a>, bei dem ein Elektron und ein Positron zum <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\!\,}">

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\!\,}</annotation>

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</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea38a8a7847a397e2b7120d0237190c86909b1d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.189ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\!\,}" loading="lazy"> gebunden sind. Wie beim Positronium kennzeichnet man Quarkonia durch folgende <a href="Quantenzahl" title="Quantenzahl">Quantenzahlen</a>:

<ul><li><a href="Hauptquantenzahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauptquantenzahl">Hauptquantenzahl</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,n=1,\,2\,,3\,\ldots }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,n=1,\,2\,,3\,\ldots }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0581afeb3cca5c6640130aafa109c2c511ff730.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.707ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,n=1,\,2\,,3\,\ldots }" loading="lazy"></li>

<li>Kopplung der Quark<a href="Spin" title="Spin">spins</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S\!\,}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S\!\,}</annotation>

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</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc7c7b73392bcd88541248e378d8413331e869fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S\!\,}" loading="lazy"> (Zahlenwert <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e2edcd1faf59bea6ce54ddee549c61963898857.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\!\,}" loading="lazy"> oder <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d03b3afac31e6ed4f4a55aeb4736b568ebf715f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1\!\,}" loading="lazy">) bzw. <a href="Multiplizit%C3%A4t" title="Multiplizität">Multiplizität</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2S+1\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2S+1\!\,}</annotation>

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</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e0016d102b195a24be2f5e7d4e027e1a6d558ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.665ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2S+1\!\,}" loading="lazy"> (Zahlenwert <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d03b3afac31e6ed4f4a55aeb4736b568ebf715f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1\!\,}" loading="lazy"> oder <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c28955c94f3eb51a27ee56816870bd99fba2d16f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3\!\,}" loading="lazy">)</li>

<li><a href="Bahndrehimpuls" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahndrehimpuls">Bahndrehimpuls</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e98c8a4ed1ede9a2c7872b30c585db8502edd393.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\!\,}" loading="lazy"> und</li>

<li><a href="Gesamtdrehimpuls" title="Gesamtdrehimpuls">Gesamtdrehimpuls</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03ca4d199ae39af5f0a334fa5d6a8aeeee47b889.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J\!\,}" loading="lazy"> (mögliche Werte <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J=L+S,L+S-1,\dots ,|L-S|\!\,}">

</mrow>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J=L+S,L+S-1,\dots ,|L-S|\!\,}</annotation>

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</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03e208f81462b24b5c6d5e7c707939d9c8529f77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.846ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J=L+S,L+S-1,\dots ,|L-S|\!\,}" loading="lazy"> aufgrund der <a href="Drehimpulsoperator#Spin-Bahn-Kopplung" class="mw-redirect" title="Drehimpulsoperator">Spin-Bahn-Kopplung</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {J}}={\hat {L}}+{\hat {S}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {J}}={\hat {L}}+{\hat {S}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9719d393d5ba44e4ff9854e705ef02d0d72df9e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.917ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {J}}={\hat {L}}+{\hat {S}}}" loading="lazy">)</li></ul>

<th>Bahndreh- impuls <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e98c8a4ed1ede9a2c7872b30c585db8502edd393.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\!\,}" loading="lazy"></th>

<th>Kenn- buchstabe

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>S

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>P

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>D

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>F

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>G

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>H

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>I

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>K

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>…

</td></tr></tbody></table>

in der <a href="Nomenklatur" title="Nomenklatur">Nomenklatur</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n^{2S+1}L_{J}\!\,}">

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n^{2S+1}L_{J}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2ca64a0843c5e0a423e23d1f58f2abcb4580fe6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.465ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n^{2S+1}L_{J}\!\,}" loading="lazy"> (<a href="Termsymbol" title="Termsymbol">Termsymbol</a>) bzw. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle nL\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle nL\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab495b0280937792db2281e784722560824ab361.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.978ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle nL\!\,}" loading="lazy"> (spektroskopische Bezeichnung), wobei der Bahndrehimpuls <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e98c8a4ed1ede9a2c7872b30c585db8502edd393.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\!\,}" loading="lazy"> durch einen Großbuchstaben (siehe Tabelle) angegeben wird.

Man beachte folgenden Unterschied in der Namensgebung: Während bei Positronium die Nomenklatur der <a href="Atomphysik" title="Atomphysik">Atomphysik</a> gilt mit der Hauptquantenzahl <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=N+1+l\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=N+1+l\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/734f98d2e069c484c7daf5de9db3de5b7418af0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:14.093ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=N+1+l\!\,}" loading="lazy"> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1214242e358c1ed42d8a4ce8774fa65dc624bbb2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\!\,}" loading="lazy"> für die <a href="Quantenzahl#Radiale_Quantenzahl" title="Quantenzahl">Zahl der Knoten der Radialwellenfunktion</a>, klein <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d909866e84b9b9e47be2e69f1ea2ff180e780d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l\!\,}" loading="lazy"> für den <a href="Quantenzahl#Nebenquantenzahl" title="Quantenzahl">Bahndrehimpuls</a>), verwendet man beim Quarkonium die Nomenklatur der <a href="Kernphysik" title="Kernphysik">Kernphysik</a> mit <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=N+1\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=N+1\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31c29a31a1d8d6d7a41b02147edcde97dbad2998.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.56ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=N+1\!\,}" loading="lazy">. Einem 23P1-Positronium entspricht also ein 13P1-Charmonium.

Beobachtbar sind neben dem Gesamtdrehimpuls <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03ca4d199ae39af5f0a334fa5d6a8aeeee47b889.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J\!\,}" loading="lazy"> nur:

<ul><li>die <a href="Parit%C3%A4t_(Physik)" title="Parität (Physik)">Parität</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=(-1)^{L+1}\!\,}">

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=(-1)^{L+1}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/90a9bf7ad982bc48249e825b41c7f6cb3ff9573d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.076ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=(-1)^{L+1}\!\,}" loading="lazy"> und</li>

<li>die <a href="Ladungskonjugation" title="Ladungskonjugation">Ladungskonjugation</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C=(-1)^{L+S}\!\,}">

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C=(-1)^{L+S}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5641122e8036eb91e02245d555a0d3946756faf2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.335ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C=(-1)^{L+S}\!\,}" loading="lazy">.</li></ul>

Bahndrehimpuls <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e98c8a4ed1ede9a2c7872b30c585db8502edd393.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\!\,}" loading="lazy"> und Quarkspin-Kopplung <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc7c7b73392bcd88541248e378d8413331e869fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S\!\,}" loading="lazy"> lassen sich daraus ableiten.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesonen">Mesonen</h3></div>

Für die aus diesen Zuständen gebildeten Mesonen gilt folgende Nomenklatur<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

<th class="hintergrundfarbe5">beobachtet: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J^{PC}\!\,}">

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J^{PC}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b7477330791c73edef385f69a32deafd2fcc830.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.241ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J^{PC}\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</th>

<th class="hintergrundfarbe5">Bahndrehimpuls <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e98c8a4ed1ede9a2c7872b30c585db8502edd393.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</th>

<th class="hintergrundfarbe5">gekoppelter Spin <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc7c7b73392bcd88541248e378d8413331e869fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</th>

<th class="hintergrundfarbe5">Gesamtdrehimpuls <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03ca4d199ae39af5f0a334fa5d6a8aeeee47b889.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</th>

<th class="hintergrundfarbe5"><a href="Grundzustand" title="Grundzustand">Grundzustand</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n^{2S+1}L_{J}\!\,}">

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n^{2S+1}L_{J}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2ca64a0843c5e0a423e23d1f58f2abcb4580fe6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.465ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n^{2S+1}L_{J}\!\,}" loading="lazy">)

</th>

<th class="hintergrundfarbe5">Mischung aus <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u{\bar {u}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u{\bar {u}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66aeca9d83664b6d9a0a0814109c63de13495bd0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.659ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u{\bar {u}}}" loading="lazy"> und <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d{\bar {d}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d{\bar {d}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc33093bc303d477da5de392a7e30738fad69836.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.798ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d{\bar {d}}}" loading="lazy"> <a href="Isospin" title="Isospin">Isospin</a>=1

</th>

<th class="hintergrundfarbe5">Mischung aus <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u{\bar {u}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u{\bar {u}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66aeca9d83664b6d9a0a0814109c63de13495bd0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.659ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u{\bar {u}}}" loading="lazy">, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d{\bar {d}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d{\bar {d}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc33093bc303d477da5de392a7e30738fad69836.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.798ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d{\bar {d}}}" loading="lazy">, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s{\bar {s}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s{\bar {s}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14e47d3fd4553ba3f661a4a2b82a1d4d404539fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.382ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s{\bar {s}}}" loading="lazy"> Isospin=0

</th>

<th class="hintergrundfarbe5">Charmonium <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c{\bar {c}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c{\bar {c}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5f76a673fe7a19ed6c7dfc62e24b1a86858f048.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.298ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c{\bar {c}}}" loading="lazy">

</th>

<th class="hintergrundfarbe5">Bottomonium <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5047b6e5096de6a8677592b662b123884b6240e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.16ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}" loading="lazy">

</th></tr>

<tr>

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J^{-+}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5942e8086061dabcee36a1359b403df0a48d7c34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.315ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J^{-+}\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<td rowspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe1">gerade <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }" loading="lazy"> S, D, G, …

</td>

<td>gerade <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }" loading="lazy"> 0

</td>

<td>0, 2, 4, …

</td>

<td>11S0

</td>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi \!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/34689734cbc426dfd0fbaca874708b85f23badcb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi \!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<td class="hintergrundfarbe2"><a href="%CE%97-Meson" title="Η-Meson">η-Meson</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta ,\eta '\!\,}">

<msup>

</msup>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta ,\eta '\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f4c71d9331ae7f561d2fc0ffe51a048ea0caf46.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.062ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta ,\eta '\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{c}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e00e6157dd326f4b8e27fd60efb1633c37d076e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.1ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{c}\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{b}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/849cc06b40dbd79ed793a0a4f04ac94f2f46bda9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.093ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{b}\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td></tr>

<tr>

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J^{--}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/34badc702520dbebdb11c53e921bf3b6c4bd697b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.315ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J^{--}\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<td>ungerade <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }" loading="lazy"> 1

</td>

<td>1, 2, 3, …

</td>

<td>13S1

</td>

<td class="hintergrundfarbe2"><a href="Rho-Meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho-Meson">Rho-Meson</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho \!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho \!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8dfe7f773266aa21dd37387252a399dbeebf0f7f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho \!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<td class="hintergrundfarbe2"><a href="Omega-Meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-Meson">Omega-Meson</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega \!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega \!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05087c8d1c7b8308ed0f6129fe43ac463a252db3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega \!\,}" loading="lazy">, <a href="Phi-Meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi-Meson">Phi-Meson</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi \!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi \!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef0ab1c89aaae9805fd0a213f2ffc0dd555f5307.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi \!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi \!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a439446e92271c848e5171e877ba69d9015c661e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.513ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi \!\,}" loading="lazy"><a href="#cite_note-2">[Anm. 1]</a>

</td>

<td class="hintergrundfarbe2"><a href="Ypsilon-Meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ypsilon-Meson">Y-Meson</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Upsilon \!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Upsilon \!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b62a4801acdb718d679a3995a62783e30a649c06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Upsilon \!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td></tr>

<tr>

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J^{+-}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4ae73df4a86378a280a202e4036af0b039da848.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.315ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J^{+-}\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<td rowspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe1">ungerade <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }" loading="lazy"> P, F, H, …

</td>

<td>gerade <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }" loading="lazy"> 0

</td>

<td>1, 3, 5, …

</td>

<td>11P1

</td>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4bda733ea612586aa872b9d2f5342a63165eb785.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<msup>

</msup>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h,h'\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/102c8db61b73fd3c503172b70d81c3ed0fae483f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.397ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h,h'\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h_{c}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4bbef71dd3e2d40c9ae68270b03b93c9b0d0f317.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.283ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h_{c}\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h_{b}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ee38ae02db052294fe7e36e92b7ee030711fe84.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.277ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h_{b}\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td></tr>

<tr>

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J^{++}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/482de2a7faea33a1c796527576587351523535ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.315ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J^{++}\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<td>ungerade <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }" loading="lazy"> 1

</td>

<td>0, 1, 2, …

</td>

<td>13P0

</td>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a433826255ba8ec91f8952de4070a9735dda03ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<msup>

</msup>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f,f'\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0186928156d2c7372f1e91bb4050c4adb25ef326.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.318ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f,f'\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi _{c}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8edbc2345460c8838cc4532b024656a28bcbc968.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.399ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi _{c}\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi _{b}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1b1e83855818291a929a238befd50b73f31f77d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.393ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi _{b}\!\,}" loading="lazy">

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> aus historischen Gründen wird der 1−−-Grundzustand als <a href="J/%CF%88-Meson" title="J/ψ-Meson">J/ψ-Meson</a> bezeichnet.

</li>

</ol>

<ul><li>Für die aus schweren Quarks (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c,b\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c,b\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d798c81f20f2a21228561ceebe565ec06783a0a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.038ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c,b\!\,}" loading="lazy">) gebildeten Mesonen wird, sofern bekannt, die spektroskopische Bezeichnung (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle nL\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle nL\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab495b0280937792db2281e784722560824ab361.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.978ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle nL\!\,}" loading="lazy">) mit angegeben – z. B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (2S)\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (2S)\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9331c1588ede55f9992e428ef08c1a7b90d10a3d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.984ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (2S)\!\,}" loading="lazy">, sowie <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03ca4d199ae39af5f0a334fa5d6a8aeeee47b889.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J\!\,}" loading="lazy"> als weiterer Index – z. B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi _{c1}(1P)\!\,}">

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi _{c1}(1P)\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d451253b05776c54c04e35f7a3f21be3f25b664.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.938ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi _{c1}(1P)\!\,}" loading="lazy">. Letzteres ist nicht nötig bei <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L=0\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L=0\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed8068bea00c632b775a811842cc72419b22c715.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.844ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L=0\!\,}" loading="lazy">, weil dann <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J=S\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J=S\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aac1fd57a6bc36c9c2808c3d78df18a6d87e22f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.069ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J=S\!\,}" loading="lazy">. Ist eine spektroskopische Zuordnung mangels Daten nicht möglich, wird zur näheren Bezeichnung die Masse in MeV/c2 angegeben, z. B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (3770)\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (3770)\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6958ba7f23dc6852f47cdbcef6226f815df87cae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.972ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (3770)\!\,}" loading="lazy">.</li>

<li>Für die aus leichten Quarks (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u,d,s\!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u,d,s\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43ff714c75168e381e790dcb1d7604d85655e5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.704ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u,d,s\!\,}" loading="lazy">) gebildeten Mesonen verwendet man die spektroskopische Bezeichnung nicht; stattdessen wird zur näheren Bezeichnung die Masse in MeV/c2 angegeben.</li>

<li>Bei den niedrigsten Zuständen kann man diese Angaben weglassen – also <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{c}(1S)=\eta _{c}\!\,}">

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{c}(1S)=\eta _{c}\!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f88779ed22873553d156816c03e393d973fa9648.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.769ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{c}(1S)=\eta _{c}\!\,}" loading="lazy"> und <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (1020)=\phi \!\,}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (1020)=\phi \!\,}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23a05e89642e710134e413cc3d252fa8edfa7802.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.328ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (1020)=\phi \!\,}" loading="lazy">.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nachgewiesene_Quarkonia">Nachgewiesene Quarkonia</h2></div>

<th style="width:40px" rowspan="2">JPC

</th>

<th style="width:40px" rowspan="2">Termsymbol n2S + 1LJ

</th>

<th colspan="2">Charmonium <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c{\bar {c}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c{\bar {c}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5f76a673fe7a19ed6c7dfc62e24b1a86858f048.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.298ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c{\bar {c}}}" loading="lazy">

</th>

<th colspan="2">Bottomonium <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5047b6e5096de6a8677592b662b123884b6240e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.16ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}" loading="lazy">

</th></tr>

<td width="150px">Partikel

</td>

<td>Masse (MeV/c2)<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a>

</td>

<td width="150px">Partikel

</td>

<td>Masse (MeV/c2)<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0−+

</td>

<td>11S0

</td>

<td>ηc(1S) = ηc

</td>

<td>2983,9 ±0,5

</td>

<td>ηb(1S) = ηb

</td>

<td>9399,0 ±2,3

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0−+

</td>

<td>21S0

</td>

<td>ηc(2S) = ηc'

</td>

<td>3637,6 ±1,2

</td>

<td>ηb(2S)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<td>2−+

</td>

<td>11D2

</td>

/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */

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/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */

</style> †

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>ηb(1D) †

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1−−

</td>

<td>13S1

</td>

<td>J/ψ(1S) = J/ψ

</td>

<td>3096,900 ±0,006

</td>

<td>Υ(1S) = Υ

</td>

<td>9460,30 ±0,26

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1−−

</td>

<td>23S1

</td>

<td>ψ(2S) = ψ(3686)

</td>

<td>3686,097 ±0,025

</td>

<td>Υ(2S)

</td>

<td>10.023,26 ±0,31

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1−−

</td>

<td>33S1

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Υ(3S)

</td>

<td>10.355,2 ±0,5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1−−

</td>

<td>43S1

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Υ(4S) = Υ(10580)

</td>

<td>10.579,4 ±1,2

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1−−

</td>

<td>53S1

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Υ(5S) = Υ(10860)

</td>

<td>10.889,9 ±3,2

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1−−

</td>

<td>63S1

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Υ(6S) = Υ(11020)

</td>

<td>10.992,9 ±10

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1−−

</td>

<td>13D1

</td>

<td>ψ(3770)

</td>

<td>3773,13 ±0,35

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2−−

</td>

<td>13D2

</td>

<td>ψ2(1D) = ψ2(3823)

</td>

<td>3822,2 ±1,2

</td>

<td>Υ2(1D)

</td>

<td>10.163,7 ±1,4

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3−−

</td>

<td>13D3

</td>

<td>ψ3(1D) †

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Υ3(1D) †

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<td>1−−

</td>

<td>????

</td>

<td>ψ(4260) = Y(4260)

</td>

<td>4230 ±8

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1+−

</td>

<td>11P1

</td>

<td>hc(1P) = hc

</td>

<td>3525,38 ±0,11

</td>

<td>hb(1P) = hb

</td>

<td>9899,3 ±0,8

</td></tr>

<td>1+−

</td>

<td>21P1

</td>

<td>hc(2P) †

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>hb(2P)

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0++

</td>

<td>13P0

</td>

<td>χc0(1P) = χc0

</td>

<td>3414,71 ±0,30

</td>

<td>χb0(1P) = χb0

</td>

<td>9859,44 ±0,52

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0++

</td>

<td>23P0

</td>

<td>χc0(2P) †

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>χb0(2P)

</td>

<td>10.232,5 ±0,6

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1++

</td>

<td>13P1

</td>

<td>χc1(1P)

</td>

<td>3510,67 ±0,05

</td>

<td>χb1(1P)

</td>

<td>9892,78 ±0,40

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1++

</td>

<td>23P1

</td>

<td>χc1(2P) †

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>χb1(2P)

</td>

<td>10.255,46 ±0,55

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1++

</td>

<td>33P1

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>χb1(3P)

</td>

<td>10.512,1 ±2,3

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2++

</td>

<td>13P2

</td>

<td>χc2(1P)

</td>

<td>3556,17 ±0,07

</td>

<td>χb2(1P)

</td>

<td>9912,21 ±0,40

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2++

</td>

<td>23P2

</td>

<td>χc2(2P)

</td>

<td>3927,2 ±2,6

</td>

<td>χb2(2P)

</td>

<td>10.268,65 ±0,55

</td></tr>

<td>1++

</td>

<td>???1

</td>

<td>χc1(3872) = X(3872) **

</td>

<td>3871,69 ±0,17

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="fussnoten-block"><div class="fussnoten-inhalt references">† <div class="reference-text">vorhergesagt, aber noch nicht identifiziert.</div></div></div>

<div class="fussnoten-block"><div class="fussnoten-inhalt references">** <div class="reference-text">Die Quantenzahlen des X(3872)-Teilchens sind Gegenstand aktueller Untersuchungen,<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> seine Identität ist nicht vollständig geklärt. Es kann sich handeln um:

<ul><li>einen Kandidaten für den 11D2-Zustand;</li>

<li>einen hybriden Charmonium-Zustand;</li>

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

<msup>

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mrow>

</msup>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D^{0}{\bar {D}}^{*0}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6337932524de6780650effe02dd502e17b232953.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.779ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D^{0}{\bar {D}}^{*0}}" loading="lazy">-Molekül.</li></ul>

</div></div></div>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponium_und_andere_Systeme">Toponium und andere Systeme</h2></div>

Da die <a href="Lebensdauer_(Physik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebensdauer (Physik)">Lebensdauer</a> des <a href="Top-Quark" title="Top-Quark">Top-Quarks</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"> extrem kurz ist, wurde vermutet, dass sich keine <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t{\bar {t}}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t{\bar {t}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b7efad4a2f36d090f5d964393e2c9e5df354141.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.196ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t{\bar {t}}}" loading="lazy">-Systeme (Toponium) bilden. Im Jahr 2025 wurden jedoch Messergebnisse veröffentlicht, die sich als Produktion von Toponium deuten lassen.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a>

2005 veröffentlichte das <a href="BaBar-Experiment" title="BaBar-Experiment">BaBar-Experiment</a> die Entdeckung des neuen Zustands Y(4260).<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a>

Die Beobachtungen wurden von den Experimenten CLEO und <a href="Belle-Experiment" title="Belle-Experiment">Belle</a> bestätigt. Zuerst wurde das neue Teilchen für ein Charmonium gehalten, aber inzwischen legen die Beobachtungen exotischere Erklärungen nahe, wie ein D-„Molekül“, ein <a href="Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a> oder ein hybrides Meson.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Bogdan_Povh" title="Bogdan Povh">Bogdan Povh</a> u. a.: Teilchen und Kerne. 6. Auflage. Springer, 2004, ISBN 3-540-21065-2.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> Particle Data Group: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2017/reviews/rpp2017-rev-naming-scheme-hadrons.pdf">Naming scheme for hadrons (Revised in 2017).</a> (PDF; 86 kB) Abgerufen am 17. Februar 2018 (englisch).<span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AQuarkonium&rft.title=Naming+scheme+for+hadrons+%28Revised+in+2017%29&rft.description=Naming+scheme+for+hadrons+%28Revised+in+2017%29&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fpdg.lbl.gov%2F2017%2Freviews%2Frpp2017-rev-naming-scheme-hadrons.pdf&rft.creator=Particle+Data+Group&rft.language=en">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group), 2018: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2018/tables/rpp2018-tab-mesons-c-cbar.pdf">cc̅ Mesons</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group), 2018: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2018/tables/rpp2018-tab-mesons-b-bbar.pdf">bb̅ Mesons</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> LHCb collaboration: <cite style="font-style:italic">Determination of the X(3872) meson quantum numbers</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review Letters</cite>. Band 110, Nr. 22, Mai 2013, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.222001">10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.222001</a>, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1302.6269v1">1302.6269v1</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Quarkonium&rft.atitle=Determination+of+the+X%283872%29+meson+quantum+numbers&rft.au=LHCb+collaboration&rft.date=2013-05&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.110.222001&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.volume=110" style="display:none">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerncourier.com/a/cms-observes-top-antitop-excess-2/">CERN Courier: CMS observes top–antitop excess</a>, 2. April 2025.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227095701/http://www.infn.it/news/newsen.php?id=351">A new particle discovered by BaBar experiment.</a> <a href="Istituto_Nazionale_di_Fisica_Nucleare" title="Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare">Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare</a>, 6. Juli 2005, archiviert vom <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">

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</style><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infn.it%2Fnews%2Fnewsen.php%3Fid%3D351">Original</a> (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am 27. Februar 2012; abgerufen am 6. März 2010.<span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AQuarkonium&rft.title=A+new+particle+discovered+by+BaBar+experiment&rft.description=A+new+particle+discovered+by+BaBar+experiment&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120227095701%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.infn.it%2Fnews%2Fnewsen.php%3Fid%3D351&rft.publisher=%5B%5BIstituto+Nazionale+di+Fisica+Nucleare%5D%5D&rft.date=2005-07-06&rft.source=http://www.infn.it/news/newsen.php?id=351">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> B. Aubert u. a. (BaBar Collaboration): <cite style="font-style:italic">Observation of a broad structure in the π+π−J/ψ mass spectrum around 4.26 GeV/c2</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Physical_Review_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></cite>. Band 95, Nr. 14, 2005, S. 142001, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.142001">10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.142001</a>, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0506081">hep-ex/0506081</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Quarkonium&rft.atitle=Observation+of+a+broad+structure+in+the+%CF%80%2B%CF%80%E2%88%92J%2F%CF%88+mass+spectrum+around+4.26+GeV%2Fc2&rft.au=B.+Aubert+u.+a.+%28BaBar+Collaboration%29&rft.date=2005&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.95.142001&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=14&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.pages=142001&rft.volume=95" style="display:none">

</li>

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